¤Ó¶§¨t (Solar System)
2 X( ]& q; Q) O* r¤g¬P (Saturn)
& y2 x6 X O- q/ i- [1 @ $ [$ E5 h. J5 Y1 l7 Z
2 R% j' h" x6 b# w. [' C
' y1 F5 e5 E$ l% A% {( ]& b
5 ]) F& S/ E( {6 Y4 E) {¤g¬PÀÉ®×
, _! R, |' ]+ p0 z' c
NASA¸¶V¤g¬P½Ã¬P-®õ©Zªí±ªº°Êµe ¤Ó¶§¨t¤¤²Ä¤G¤jªº¦æ¬P¡A¥Ñ¤º¦Ó¥~±Æ¦æ²Ä¤»¡A¾Ö¦³¶W¹L¥|¤Q¤CÁû½Ã¬P¡C¤g¬P¸g±`³Q«p¶³Âл\¡A¤j®ðª¬ªp»P¤ì¬P¬Û¦ü¡A¦ý·t±a¯¾»P«G±a¤£¦p¤ì¬P¯ë©úÅã¡A¨í·¤]¤£¦p¤ì¬P¯ëÀW±K¡A¦ý·¤O¸û±j¡A°¸µM¤]·|¥X²{¥Õ¦âªº¶³¡C¤g¬Pªº¨â·¥·|²£¥Í·¥¥ú¡C¤g¬P¥§¡±K«× (0.7 g/cc)¤ñ¤ô§C¡A¾Ö¦³¥¨¤j¡B©ú«G¡B¥Ñ²Ó¤p¦B²Éºc¦¨ªº¥úÀô¨t²Î¡A¦b¦a²y¤W¥Î±æ»·Ãè¥i¥H«Ü®e©ö¦aÆ[´ú¨ì¤TÓ¦P¤ß¥úÀô (A¡AB ©M C)¡C¥úÀô¤º¦³«Ü¦hµ²ºc(¨Ò¦p¥d¦è¥§ÀôÁ_ - Cassini's division) ¥¿¨üµÛ½Ã¬P¤Þ¤Oªº¼vÅT¡Cªª¦Ï½Ã¬P (Shepherd satellites)§â³Ì¥~¼hªº¥úÀô§½¦b¥¦²{¦sªº½d³ò¤º¡C¥úÀô¥]§t¼Æ¥H¸Up¯U¯¶ªº¤pÀô (ringlets)¡A¬O²É¤l±K«×¸û°ªªº¦a¤è¡C
- n2 g" ^; r: f9 e+ P& L$ b( |( T/ z
¤p¦æ¬P (Asteroids)
4 ~* ?1 I" m v2 e/ C# \
* Y8 L: c. j0 D7 B3 \' L
9 [2 a7 n. B6 N
[& q9 k$ |/ t( Z) l1 ?¤@¨Ç¶¤Ó¶§¤½Â઺²Ó¤p©¥¥Û´ÝÀe¡C¤j³¡¥÷¤p¦æ¬P¦ì©ó¤õ¬P»P¤ì¬P¤§¶¡ªº¤p¦æ¬P±a (asteroid belt)¤º¡C¥¦Ìªºy¹D¥i¯à¨ü³o¨âÁû¦æ¬Pªº¸U¦³¤Þ¤O¼vÅT (¤õ¬Pªº¨âÁû½Ã¬P¥i¯à¬O³Q«RÀòªº¤p¦æ¬P) ¡C¥u¦³¶W¹L¤G¤Q¦hÁû¤p¦æ¬Pªºª½®|¤j©ó 200km¡A¨ä¾l¤j³¡¥÷ªºª½®|³£¥u¦³ ~0.1 km¡A§e¤£³W«h§Îª¬¡C³Ì¤jªº¨¦¯«¬P (Ceres)ª½®|¬ù¬°¤ë²yªº¤T¤À¤§¤@¡A¨Ã©ó¤G¹s¹s¤»¦~¤K¤ë¤G¤Q¥|¤é³Q°ê»Ú¤Ñ¤å¾ÇÁp·|ÂkÃþ¬°¡u¸G¦æ¬P¡v(DwarfPlanets)¡C¤j³¡¥÷¤Ñ¤å¾Ç®a»{¬°¤p¦æ¬P¬O¤@¨Ç¤£¯à¶°µ²¦¨¦æ¬Pªºì©l©¥¥Û¡F¦³¨Ç¤H«h»{¬°¥¦Ì¬O«Ü¤[¥H«e¤@Áû¥Ë¸Ñ¤Fªº¦æ¬P¸H¤ù¡Cªüªiù -ªü²öº¸ª«Åé (Apollo - Amor objects) ¬O¼Æ¤QÁûy¹D²`¤J¤º¤Ó¶§¨tªº¤p¦æ¬P¡A¥i¯à¤´¦³«Ü¦h³oÃþ¤p¦æ¬P¥¼³Qµo²{¡C
- I1 r! F5 H! X, [. p& B {
+ K' R& M. E4 d: N% c) a¤p¦æ¬P±a (Asteroid belt)
) M4 O1 \* c ?6 R4 ` m
* N& i. A; x- a0 |) G5 c9 J* x
F6 n9 W' L: S! h0 u5 I" W
Q J6 O: Z' {' r0 V) H¦ì©ó¤õ¬P©M¤ì¬P¤§¶¡¡A¥Ñ´²¸¨ªº¤p¦æ¬P²Õ¦¨¡A¥¦Ì¤j³£¬Oª½®|¤p©ó 1 km ªº©¥¥Û´ÝÀe¡C
) k8 F6 E5 r$ S¤é®¶¾Ç(Helioseismology) ³z¹L¬ã¨s¤Ó¶§ªí±ªº®¶°Ê¼Ò¦¡¨Ó´¦¥Ü¤Ó¶§¤º¼hµ²ºc¡C¤Ó¶§¤º¼hªºª¬ºA·|¼vÅT¤£¦Pªº®¶°Ê¼Ò¦¡ªº±j®z¡A¹B¥Î¦h´¶°Ç®ÄÀ³(ªí±²¾ªñ¦a²y->ÂŲ¾¡Aªí±«á°h->¬õ²¾) ¶q«×¤Ó¶§ªí±ªº®¶°Ê«Kª¾¹D¤Ó¶§¤º¼hªº²¾°Ê¡B·Å«×¡B±K«×¡BÀ£¤O»P¦ÛÂà³t«×¡C
" U/ P3 O3 e! A2 A; {' B; t
- H* B0 I! b1 B& o¤éÒ (Prominence)
2 x) J( d& l: |8 K" }8 q
; [5 E' L V/ B. Z
8 S. Y5 ?, i# b O2 Z; r6 s
±q±jºÏ³õ°Ï°ì¼Q®g¥X¨Óªº¬õ¦â¼ö®ðÅé¡C³o¨Ç¹qÂ÷®ðÅé (¥Dn¬°²B) ³Q§x¦bºÏ³õ¤º¡C¤£¤Ö¤éÒ§e¤}§Î¡A´N¹³ÅK¬âÅx¦bºÏÅKªO¤W¡C¦³¨Ç¤éÒ¥u¯àºû«ù¼Æ¤p®É (Ãzµo¤éÒ)¡A¦³¨Ç«h¥i¹F¼Æ¤ë¤§¤[(¹çÀR¤éÒ)¡C
/ `3 K6 l" k7 S1 c( Z
8 U3 C1 O" y' d) Z* q, n2 Z, f! L* Y¤é°Ã (Corona)
& |: c% ]9 F( J; y
! {) h. D4 {- N) e7 M7 Y/ z' N
) i+ t: j4 `: Y# C* X+ Z
¤Ó¶§³Ì¥~¼h¤j®ð¡C¥u¯à¦b¤é¥þ»k®É¬Ý¨£¡C¦V¥~¦ù©µ¦Ü«Ü¦hÓ¤Ó¶§¥b®|¡C·Å«×«D±`°ª (500,000-3,500,000 K)¡A¨Ã¦V¥~»¼¼W¡C±K«×«D±`§C (~¼ÆÁû²É¤l / cc)¡C¤@¯ë¬Û«H¦â²y»P¤é°Ãªº²§±`°ª·Å»P¤Ó¶§±j¤jºÏ³õ©ÒÄÀ©ñªº¯à¶q¦³Ãö¡C
# K8 o' B1 X2 p5 v2 R F- x& e# l$ s; d' D
¤Ó¶§ (Sun)
% S. u/ m+ h. Y0 ~
! G0 g& F" g; M9 ~
( O* M9 B( I0 I- O( R, I
2 V. w6 V1 X. D: a3 G$ B$ A
¤Ó¶§ÀÉ®×
" ?: b8 W/ F) Z; d, e
¦ì©ó¤Ó¶§¨t¤¤¤ß¡A¬O¤@Áû¯àµo¥ú©M¼öªº«í¬P¡A¥¦³z¹L¦b¤¤¤ßªº®Ö¤ÏÀ³¦Ó²£¥Í¯à¶q¡C¥¦ªº½è¶q¤ñ¦a²y¤j¤T¤Q¸U¿¡C¤K¤j¦æ¬P¡A±q¡u¤W±¡v(¦a²yªº¥_·¥)¬Ý¡A¦bªñ¥G¶ê§Îªºy¹D¤W¡A¶¤Ó¶§°f®É°w¤è¦V¤½Âà¡C
9 W# b& k" y; B; n# ?# w% Q Q
3 ~5 B( ~/ [6 o& z2 y¤Ó¶§· (Solar Wind)
% N' I' q$ V+ \
u' C( _- T! Q5 I) U: g! J8 n
& P1 _. p6 Y, f
, {1 A- d, N4 r1 @- }! Q±q¤Ó¶§§j¥X¨Óªº°ª¯à¶q±a¹q²É¤l¡C
6 I% [+ w, ?3 f2 W' P+ ^* M1 P. C; N x
¤Ó¶§±`¼Æ (Solar Constant)
. b+ B7 C0 ^# I, t) T P
¤Ó¶§±`¼Æ = ©è¹F¦a²yªí±ªº¤Ó¶§¯à¶q ~1360 J/m2s¡C¤Ó¶§±`¼Æ§ïÅÜ 1%¡A¦a²y·Å«×«K¥i¯à§ïÅÜ 1-2¢XC¡C¤Ó¶§±`¼ÆªºÅܰʥi¾ÉP¦a²y®ðÔªø´Á§ïÅÜ (¨Ò¦p¦Bªe®É´Á)¡A¦Ó¤Ó¶§¬¡°Ê²§±`§C¼éªº´Á¶¡¡A¤Ó¶§±`¼Æ»¼´î (¨Ò¦p»X¼w·¥¤p´Á)¡C
9 u& r, u9 S. `: }* |2 B
5 A$ }! ^8 H P" q
¤Ó¶§¶Â¤l (Sunspots)
7 ~3 }5 Q5 \ I# F* ~
7 Q$ i2 L( J Z1 e
% i8 }1 i1 @6 i4 z8 \7 s0 P
7 T; g) a* \& ]¤Ó¶§ªí±¤W¸û§N©M³±·tªº°Ï°ì¡C¤@¯ë¦¨¸s¥X²{¡C¤Ó¶§¶Â¤l¥Ñ¥»¼v (umbra) ¤Î³ò¶µÛ¥¦ªº¥b¼v (penumbra)¨â³¡¥÷ºc¦¨¡C¥»¼v¤ñ¥b¼vªº·Å«×§C(~4,000K)¡A¦]¦¹¸û·t¡C¦b¶Â¤lªº½d³ò¤º¡AºÏ³õ«D±`±j¤j¡A¬ù¬°¦a²yºÏ³õ¥§¡Èªº¤@¤d¿¡C±j¤jºÏ³õ§í¨î®ðÅ骺¹ï¬y¡A¨Ï¼ö®ðÅ骺¹ï¬y¨üªý¡A§Î¦¨¸û§Nªº°Ï°ì¡C¹³ºÏÅK¤@¼Ë¡A¤@¸s¶Â¤l¤À¦¨«n¥_¨â·¥¡C«n¡B¥_¥b²y¶Â¤l¹ïªººÏ·¥¤è¦V¬Û¤Ï¡C
& D. O% ^8 q8 D" M; C5 h& o; l7 v) o# C \
¤Ó¶§¶Â¤l¶g´Á (sunspot cycle)
# \7 v' j5 m ?8 O" \: o7 q' x
¶Â¤l¼Æ¥ØªºÅܤƶg´Á¬ù¬°11¦~ (¤W¤@¦¸°ª®p´Á¬ù¦b 1990¦~)¡C¶g´Á¤§ªì¡A¶Â¤l¸s¦b¸û°ªªº½n«×¥X²{¡AÀH«á³vº¥²¾ªñ¨ª¹D¡A¾ãÅ骺¶Â¤lºÏ·¥¤è¦V¨C¶g´Á¹ï½Õ¤@¦¸ (¨Ò¦p¡RN S R S N)¡C¬Y¨Ç¯S®í®É´Á¤º(¨Ò¦p»X¼w·¥¤p´Á (Maunder Minimum¡A1645-1715)) ¡A¤Ó¶§ªí±´X¥G§¹¥þ¨S¦³¶Â¤l¡C¤Ó¶§¶Â¤l¶g´Á¥ç¬O¤Ó¶§¬¡°Ê(solaractivity) ¶g´Á¡C·í¹F¨ì°ª®p´Á®É¡A·|¥X²{§ó¦h¶Â¤l¡B¤éÒ¤ÎÄ£´³¡C
) d# k* M: M3 f! E3 U# e8 _# w4 }# `9 j7 A" d
¤ô¬P (Mercury)
- @/ q0 b7 ?* E+ B+ k , D6 N n6 o. ^3 w% ~) X8 e8 h
7 s) y, J6 j _- I) ]1 f+ ?0 d% {
5 |& B6 R8 L* |6 I, D" B
¤ô¬PÀÉ®×
$ t8 n; U: r7 v) N9 H8 [/ R7 U
¦b¤Ó¶§¨t¤¤³Ì±µªñ¤Ó¶§ªº¦æ¬P¡A¹ï¦a±Æ[´úªÌ¨Ó»¡¡A¤ô¬PÅã±o¸g±`¦b¤Ó¶§ªþªñ¡C¤]´N¬O©ü¬P©M±á¬P¡C¥¦¨S¦³¥i¥H«O¯d¼ö¤Oªº¤j®ð¼h(¤j®ð¼h¥Ñ©óªí±¹L¼ö©M¦æ¬P«¤O¹L®z¦Ó¬y¥¢)¡A©Ò¥H±Þ¡B©]ªº·Å«×¬Û®t«Ü¤j (-170¢XC -430¢XC)¡A¦Ó¥Bªí±«O¯d¤F«Ü¦hÀô§Î¤s¥¼¦³³Q¤j¦ÛµM«I»k(¨Ò¦p¥d³Òºû´µ½L¦a (Caloris Basin)¬O³Q¤@¶ô¥¨¤jªº¹k¥Û¼²À»¦Ó¦¨ªº¡AÀô§Î¤s¤§¶¡ªº¥ì (intercrater plains)¬Û«H¬O¥Ñ¾®©Tªºº²©¥¬y§Î¦¨ªº¡C)¡C
: s, u" V( j3 R5 X3 G
7 c4 n+ {! z* {' t¤õ¬P (Mars)
9 M* r- Z8 G/ E$ E9 G) h+ ~
, I! v, B% W6 ^" e
- X+ [4 ?* ]6 k$ Q6 F- T# T5 m& ?- k$ r4 W4 M3 H7 p3 q
¤õ¬PÀÉ®×
( I5 ^# J4 c$ L7 w e) z V
¦b¤Ó¶§¨t²³¦æ¬P¤¤¥Ñ¤º¦Ó¥~±Æ²Ä¥|¦ì¡C¤gÄ[ħtÂ×´IªºÅK½è¡A©Ò¥H§e²{¬õ¦â(ÅKÄÃ)¡F¦b¤õ¬Pªí±¤WÆ[¬Ý¡A¤ÑªÅ§e²{¯»¬õ¦â¡A³o¬Oªí±¤W§j°_ªº¬õ¦â¹Ð®J³y¦¨ªº¡Cªí±¦³¤£¤ÖÀô§Î¤s¡A¤]¾Ö¦³¥¨¤jªº¤õ¤s (¨Ò¦p¶øªL¤Ç´µ¤s¡AOlympus Mons )¡B®l¨¦ (¨Ò¦p ¤ô¤â¨¦¡AValles Marineris )©M°®²Uªºªe§É¡A¨Ã¸g±`µo¥Í¥¨¤jªº¹Ð®J·¼É¡C¤õ¬Pªº½è¶q¤£¨¬¦a²yªº11%¡A¬G¤Þ¤O¤]¸û®z¡A¼Æ¤Q»õ¦~«eªº¤õ¬P¤j®ð¼h¤ñ²{®Éªº±K«×°ª«Ü¦h¡A¦ý©ö´§µoªº®ðÅ餣Â_¬y¨«¡A²{¦b¥u³Ñ¤Uµ}Á¡ªº¤j®ð¼h (¬ù¬°¦a²yªº1%)¡A¥Dn¦¨¤À¬°¤G®ñ¤ÆºÒ¡C¥¦ªº¨â·¥¦³·¥«a (polarcaps)¡A§t¦³¦h¼h¾®©Tªº°®¦BÂл\µÛ¤@¨Ç¦B¡]©TºA¤ô¡¤¡C¤õ¬PÁÙ¾Ö¦³¨âÁû§Îª¬¤£³W«hªº½Ã¬P¡C
. e) {1 s( D% H2 e( V
( p2 c" V6 g; F1 O" q w¤ì¬P (Jupiter)
z$ @$ m! s! e8 }. Q! d
0 w, T* I1 F3 n
% o3 C9 Q' `3 g3 R5 A/ o
) c7 A" Q# M- K¤ì¬PÀÉ®×
% l9 n5 p7 {( _7 l¤Ó¶§¨t¤¤³Ì¤jªº¦æ¬P¡A¥Ñ¤º¦Ó¥~±Æ²Ä¤¦ì¡C¥¦¾Ö¦³·t¥BÁ¡¡B¥Ñ²Ó¤p²É¤l²Õ¦¨ªº¥úÀô¡A¤]¾Ö¦³¦Ü¤Ö¤»¤Q¤TÁû½Ã¬P¡C¤ì¬Pªº«æ³t¦ÛÂà (¶g´Á¬ù¬°10¤p®É)¨Ï¥¦Åܱo«ó¥¡C½ÆÂøªº¤Ñ®ð²{¶H³y¦¨¦â±mµºÄRªº·t±a¯¾ (dark belts) »P«G±a (light zones)¡AµÛ¦Wªº¤j¬õ´³ (GreatRed Spot) ¬O¤@Óºû«ù¤F¶W¹L 300 ¦~ªº¥¨¤j®ð±Û¡C¤º¦bÀ£¤O«D±`±j¤j¡A²B®ð³QÀ£ÁY¦¨ª÷ÄݲGºA²B (liquid metallichydrogen) - ¤@ºØ¤Q¤À¦nªº¾É¹qÅé¡C¾É¹qª«®Æªº«æ³t±Û°Ê²£¥Í±j¤jªººÏ³õ (¬ù¬°¦a²yªº 100¿)¡A§â¶µÛ¦æ¬Pªº±a¹q²É¤l§x¦b¤@¼hÁ¡Á¡ªº¹q¬y¤ù (current sheet) ¤W¡C
' d2 q s W. {! {7 I6 ^( u3 A' v
- x! F% o' M7 V4 Z
¤Ñ¤ý¬P (Uranus)
3 w- r1 u2 M- O# A ^/ T; |* J2 v
4 `. x0 Q M9 D/ Z9 B
6 B9 e9 h& Z2 S) G) G# G4 A/ k¤Ñ¤ý¬PÀÉ®×
* P: t$ k2 M( g7 ]! f; @¦b¤Ó¶§¨t²³¦æ¬P¤¤¥Ñ¤º¦Ó¥~±Æ²Ä¤C¦ì¡C¤j®ð¼h¤ºªº¥ÒÖJ¨Ï¥¦§e²{ÂŦâ¡A¤j®ð¬y°Ê¥ç»·¤£¦p¤ì¬P¯ë©úÅã¡C¶¶®É°w¤è¦V¦ÛÂà¡C¦ÛÂà¶b¥¦æ©ó¤½Âày¹Dªº¥±¡A¦]¦¹¦b¤Ñ¤ý¬PªºÆ[´úªÌ·|¬Ý¨ì¤Ó¶§¦b¥bÓ¤½Âà¶g´Á¤º¥Ã¤£¨S¸¨¡A¦ý¦bÀH«áªº¥b¶g´Á¤º«o¥Ã¤£¤É°_¡C¥¦¾Ö¦³·t²H¡B¯U¯¶¡B«Ü²¨©M««ª½©ó¤½Âày¹D¥±ªº¥úÀô¨t²Î¡CÁÙ¾Ö¦³¦Ü¤Ö¤G¤Q¤CÁû½Ã¬P¡A¥þ³£¬O©¥¥Û¥@¬É¡C¤Ñ¤ý¬P¬O¦b 1781¦~³Q^°ê¾ÇªÌ«Â·G»®·²¦Õ (William Herschel) µo²{ªº¡C
: [) q5 L7 j' K X
7 f- ?( l6 t8 c1 k4 j5 K2 y¦a²y (Earth)
: r' t# D; c e6 ~4 K0 X/ f
& W4 W% S% z/ h- q* Y
0 C. A9 p. m \: j* y" {( t4 o( f+ Q
6 p/ \( W2 E7 o" _ H¦a²yÀÉ®×
) s- T) I& O5 |7 d
¤Ó¶§¨t¤¤ªº¦æ¬P¡A¥Ñ¤º¦Ó¥~±Æ²Ä¤T¦ì¡C¦a²yªºª½®|¬ù1.3¡Ñ104 ¤d¦Ì¡A¦a²y¤£Â_§@¶g´Á¤@¤Ñªº¦ÛÂà¡A§Î¦¨±Þ»P©]¡C¦a²y»P¤Ó¶§ªº¥§¡¶ZÂ÷¬° 1 AU1.5¡Ñ108 ¤d¦Ì¡A§Î¦¨¥|©u¡C
: d4 C6 m6 n+ g6 g& b: _2 t6 c7 o4 l$ X. s* M" o% |
¥ú²y¼h (Photosphere)
) ^ C9 v- a$ _6 V) \$ N N¥i¨£ªº¤Ó¶§ªí±¡A¥Ñ¤@¼h«ÜÁ¡ªº®ðÅéºc¦¨¡C§Ú̦b¦a²y¤W±µ¦¬¨ìªº¶§¥ú¡A¤j³¡¥÷¬O±q¥ú²y®g¨Óªº¡C·Å«×¤j¬ù¬O 6000 K¡C(Äá¤ó·Å«× (¢XC) = µ´¹ï·Å«× (K) - 273¢X¡A¨Ò¦p 6000 K = 5727¢XC¡C) ±K«×~¤ô¥½u¤WªÅ®ð±K«×ªº 0.1%¡C
6 f- o. e6 h- v7 @( \ M0 @' t# u# s
5 M2 D c* X( O O
¦â²y¼h (Chromosphere)
/ P4 {7 I. f; x& H$ Y
¥ú²y¤W±¤@¼h«p«×¬ù¬° 10,000 km ªº®ðÅé¡C«G«×¤ñ¥ú²y·t«Ü¦h¡A¥u¯à¦b¤é»k®É¬Ý¨£¡C³»ºÝªº·Å«×¹F¨ì 1,000,000K¡C±K«×°¦Ü¤ñªÅ®ð±K«×µ}Á¡¬ù¤Q¸U»õ¿¡C
l) B l; J1 v0 ?2 Y9 _/ r: ?- w- o+ y) M" J
¦Ì²É (Granule)
6 _' T5 b% R$ z) f J; r
³Q·t±ø¯¾¤À¹j¶}ªº®ðªwª¬µ²ºc¡Aª½®|¬ù¬° 1,000 km¡A¥§¡¹Ø©R¬ù 20 ¤ÀÄÁ¡C¦Ì²É¬O¹ï¬y²{¶H¡A¼ö®ðÅé±q¦Ì²É¤¤¤ß¤W¤É¡A¸û§Nªº®ðÅé±qÃä½t¤U¨I¡C
! I* L$ d+ [. A! K7 M" W
: x( q$ L% ~7 O" _8 a" Y, W¦÷§Q²¤½Ã¬P (Galilean Satellites)
6 [8 h- Z9 i$ \+ W% F
6 u2 n4 |9 C2 n* J$ G% Q$ z[img]http://www.phy.cuhk.edu.hk/astroworld/dictionary/pictures/gal_sat_1.jpg
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/1995/35/[/img]
% J* }8 r$ L J¤ì¬P³Ì¤jªº¥|Áû½Ã¬P¡A¥Ñ·N¤j§Qª«²z¾Ç®a¤Î¤Ñ¤å¾Ç®a¦÷§Q²¤µo²{¡A¦]¦¹¥H¥L©R¦W¡C¥¦Ì¥]¬A¤ì½Ã¤@ (Io) ¡B¤ì½Ã¤G (Europa) ¡B¤ì½Ã¤T (Ganymede) ©M¤ì½Ã¥| (Callisto) ¡C
9 S) D$ v; S7 e% j7 t A+ K+ e% [
ª÷¬P (Venus)
7 F8 B, Z, E9 e0 @ 4 K. u' v" g: P0 G2 p4 }( k8 g
2 g) Q# ^! a8 b
3 D! r1 m. L* vª÷¬PÀÉ®×
# ]0 v! k: p1 X²Ä¤G±µªñ¤Ó¶§ªº¦æ¬P¡A¥¦¶¶®É°w¤è¦V¦ÛÂà¡Cªí±Áô½ª¦b°ª±K«×¦Óéwªº¶³¼h¤§¤U¡C«Ü¤[¤§«e¡A¤j³¡¥÷¤ô³Q¤Ó¶§¿ç®g¤À¸Ñ¡A°®Àê¦Ó¿@±Kªº¤j®ð¼h(¬ù¬°¦a²y¤j®ð¼h±K«×ªº 100 ¿)¡A¦¨¥÷¥Dn¬°¤G®ñ¤ÆºÒ (CO2)¡A¥¿¦]¤G®ñ¤ÆºÒ§x¦í¤Ó¶§¿ç®g±a¨Óªº¯à¶q¡A³y¦¨·Å«Ç®ÄÀ³ (greenhouseeffect)¡A¥Oªí±«D±`»Å¼ö (470¢XC)¡A¤]¨Ï¤j®ð¼h§Gº¡®ðÅ餯¦Xª«¡C¹p¹FÅã¥Üª÷¬Pªí±¥Dn³Q°_¥ñªº¥ì (rolling plains)Âл\µÛ¡A¶¡¤¤¦³¤@¨Ç°ª¤s©M¤õ¤s¡C¼sªx¤À§GªºÂ_¼h (faults) ÃÒ©úªí±´¿¸g¦³¤õ¤s¬¡°Ê¡C
+ S5 {2 v; ~, C6 o. {& Q Z
3 }& D8 Y* ]+ a0 u1 F D$ H
¬_¥ì§B±a (Kuiper Belt)
4 d( d* ^; u' X0 D
) `2 |& o2 z, S+ f/ Y
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/1995/26/( F5 B, \1 w; [- Q# O% \
( y; ?3 m8 @! O" F* v) N9 T" J¬ü°êÄy²üÄõ¤Ñ¤å¾Ç®a¬_¥ì§B (Kuiper, Gerard Peter)(1905-1973)¦b®ü¤ý¬Pªºy¹D¥~ (30 - 100 AU)¦s¦b¤@¨Ç²Ó¤pªº¦B½èª«Åé¡A¥i¯à¬O«Ü¦hµu¶g´Á±k¬Pªº¨Ó·½¡Cߤý¬P¤]¥i¯à¥u¬O¬_¥ì§B±a¤¤ªºª«Åé¡CºI¦Ü¤G¹s¹s¤T¦~¡A¦b¤w¸gµo²{ªº¬_¥ì§B±aª«Å餤¡A³Ì¤jªº¨âÁû¬OSedna ¤Î 2003UB313 (Xena)¡A«áªÌ¥i¯à¸ûߤý¬PÁÙ¤j¡A¨Ã©ó¤G¹s¹s¤»¦~¤K¤ë¤G¤Q¥|¤é³Q°ê»Ú¤Ñ¤å¾ÇÁp·|ÂkÃþ¬°¡u¸G¦æ¬P¡v(DwarfPlanets)¡C
4 [- K' x; H& |, j. L4 z/ o& G' B' {
ì©l¬P¶³ (Solar Nebula) ¤@¹Î±ÛÂतªº²V¨P®ðÅé»P¹Ð®J¡A±ÛÂà®É²£¥ÍÂ÷¤ß¤O (centrifugal force) ¨Ï³o¹Î¬P¶³Åܦ¨«ó¥ªººÐª¬¡A¤@¨ÇÂ÷¶}®Ö¤ßªºª«½è§Î¦¨¦æ¬P¡A¦]¦¹¤j³¡¥÷¦æ¬P¦b¦P¤@¥±¤W¶¤Ó¶§¤½Âà¡A¦ÛÂà¤è¦V¬Û¦P¡C
3 k. U7 O7 x7 C% G®ü¤ý¬P (Neptune)
1 O/ o7 j! P& d j
' {3 X) e; t$ g* ]& Z. @% w
, g4 D* {( l, \- P s! Z
' w2 ]& K: `; A% H# g
1 }9 U. A u# r$ l/ |®ü¤ý¬PÀÉ®×
( y' G+ q0 Y) d1 I& H¦b¤Ó¶§¨t²³¦æ¬P¤¤¥Ñ¤º¦Ó¥~±Æ²Ä¤K¦ì¡C¤j¤p¡B½è¶q©M¤j®ðª¬ªp»P¤Ñ¤ý¬PÃþ¦ü¡C¦b®ü¤ý¬P¤W¥çµo²{¤F¤@¨Ç®ð±Û (¨Ò¦p¤j¶Â´³- Great Dark Spot)¡C¥Ñ¾®©Tªº¥ÒÖJºc¦¨ªº¥Õ¦â¶³¼h¡A¦b°ª½n«×ªº¦a¤èº}¯BµÛ¡C®ü¤ý¬P¤]¾Ö¦³²Ó¤p¡B·t²Hªº¥úÀô©M¦Ü¤Ö¤Q¤TÁû½Ã¬P¡C®ü¤ý¬P¬O¦b 1846 ¦~³Q¼w°ê¤Ñ¤å¾Ç®a¦÷°Ç(J G Galle)¦b°Ç«ÂC¦ôp¶ZÂ÷¤@«×ªº¦a¤èµo²{ªº¡C
6 G, ~$ g4 x3 f; s* L* Y
0 L0 O- N5 V' S( ^% M
ߤý¬P (Pluto)
2 K/ ^# i* x* G% Z 8 A/ k/ X: j/ g
3 Z" }+ P% d; F' W* i* }" d
. s( a) E, y3 I+ w+ R# Xߤý¬PÀÉ®× ¤@¤E¤T¹s¦~³Qµo²{¡A´¿³Q¦C§@²Ä¤E¤j¦æ¬P¡C²Ó¤p¡B±K«×§C (¥i¯à§t¦³¤j¶q¦B)¡A¬J¤£¬OÃþ¦a¦æ¬P¡A¥ç¤£¬OÃþ¤ì¦æ¬P¡A©ó¤G¹s¹s¤»¦~¤K¤ë¤G¤Q¥|¤é³Q°ê»Ú¤Ñ¤å¾ÇÁp·|«·sÂkÃþ¬°¡u¸G¦æ¬P¡v(DwarfPlanets)¡C¶¶®É°w¤è¦V¦ÛÂà¡A¦ÛÂà¶b¶É±×60¢X¡C¤½Âày¹D¬Oªø¾ò¶ê§Î¡A³¡¥÷§ó»P®ü¤ý¬Pªºy¹D«Å|¡A¦³®É·|¤ñ®ü¤ý¬P§ó±µªñ¤Ó¶§¡C¨S¦³¥úÀô¡A¦ý¦³¤@Áû¬Û¹ï¦a¸û¤jªº½Ã¬P - ¬dÛ(Charon)¤Î¨âÁû¤p½Ã¬P(Nix ©M Hydra)¡Cߤý¬Pªº¤½Âày¹D»P¤K¤j¦æ¬Pªº¤½Âॱ¦³17.2¢Xªº¶É±×¡C
! b% |, o3 [5 i" g¬y¬P«B (Meteor Shower) ¦³¨Ç¹k¬P¬O±k¬Pªº¸H¤ù¡A¥¦Ì´²§G¦b±k¬Pªº¤½Âày¹D¤W¡A·í¦a²y¦b¬Y±k¬Py¹Dªþªñ±°¹L®É¡A«K²£¥Í§§Æ[ªº¬y¬P«B (meteor shower)¡C
3 b" g5 G N* L, I°wª¬ª« (Spicules) ¬O¦ù©µ¦Û¥ú²yªº¤õµKª¬µ²ºc¡C
# L6 |2 Y3 W& V* H
9 e6 S. t) f& a2 v, R7 V% W¹k¥Û (Meteorites)
* i8 k$ J8 g- n0 v( a" h
( G9 d8 g1 y5 b3 i' H- |% z
; k( Y- f5 h9 B. z$ V- j0 j
0 k4 Q4 W" \8 C, e0 f' f¤j³¡¥÷¹k¬P³£¦b¬ï¹L¤j®ð¼h®É³Q¿N·´¡A¨º¨Ç¹®Æ©è¹F¦a±ªº´Ý¾l³¡¥÷ºÙ¬°¹k¥Û¡C©ñ®g´ú¦~ªkÅã¥Ü¹k¥Ûªº¦~ÄÖ¬ù¬° 46 »õ·³¡A»P¾ãÓ¤Ó¶§¨tªº¦~ÄÖ¤jP¬Û¦P¡C
% L" i- l, ]/ {" f7 q* H, g7 V- A6 }
¹k¬P (Meteoroids)
8 K. z' I/ d0 Z, V¬P»Ú¶¡²Ó¤pªº©¥¥Û´ÝÀe¡C¥¦ÌÀ»¤¤¦a²y«á«K¦p¤@ÂàÀþ§Y³uªº¥ú²ª¡A¹º¯}¶Â©]ªøªÅ¡A³o´N¬O¤j®a¼ô±xªº¬y¬P (meteors)¡C
5 A" a* ^- G0 a$ Z
( m2 m. D6 l; X$ w±k§À (Tail)
, o6 p* S: K. k# K; i1 {" W 2 C7 Y; u5 r. q3 M7 r
, @, O% J5 G2 X2 {0 I V, h) f»]µoªºª«½è³Q¤Ó¶§·©M¤Ó¶§¿ç®gªºÀ£¤O§j¦¨§À¤Úª¬¡A«ü¦VÂ÷¶}¤Ó¶§ªº¤è¦V¡C
7 h; {0 D y9 I
: H. e0 ]. y6 J7 d±k¬P (Comets)
7 M$ ?+ P: s; u: ]/ G- L 4 f! P2 y9 j' ~" q$ A% l
" X$ Q' w1 P, S2 o, H1 Q$ ]
! w! ]) x$ H2 f! r
¦b«D±`¾òªøªºy¹D¤W¶¤Ó¶§¤½Â઺¡u»êż³·²y¡v¡A¤j³¡¥÷´²§G¦bߤý¬P¥H¥~«Ü»·ªº¦a¤è (¥i¯à»·¦Ü 50,000 AU)¡C¥¦Ìªº¶g´Á¤j¦h¼Æ«Üªø -¤½Âà¤@©P¥i¯à»Ý®É¤Q¸U¦Ü¤@¦Ê¸U¦~¡C¤@¨Ç¬°¼Æ¤£¦hªº¡uµu¶g´Á±k¬P¡v¶g´Á»P¤Hªº¹Ø©R¬ÛY (¨Ò¦p«¢¹p±k¬Pªº¶g´Á¬° 76¦~)¡C¥¦Ì¦b±µªñ¤Ó¶§®É¥¦ªºy¹D·|¦]¬°ª«½è³Q»]µo¦Ó¥X²{©úÅ㪺ÅܤơAÅܱo¥ú«G¨Ã²£¥Í±k§À¡C·í±k¬P³Ì±µªñ¤Ó¶§®É¡A±k¾v»P±k§ÀÅܱo³Ì©úÅã¡C±k¬P¦³®É·|³Q¨ä¥L¦æ¬P«RÀò¬Æ¦Ü³Q¥Ë¸Ñ (¨Ò¦p¦b 1994 ¦~ 7 ¤ë¡AShoemaker - Levy 9 ±k¬P»P¤ì¬Pµo¥Í¸I¼²)¡C¦b¥¨¤j¦Ó»»»·ªº¶ø¯S´µ¶³(Oort cloud) ¤º¡AÀx¦s¤F¦¨¤d¤W¸U¤£¬¡ÅDªº±k¬P¡C¦ôp¦³±µªñ¤@¸U»õÁû±k¬P¦b¶ZÂ÷¤Ó¶§ 30,000 AU ¦Ü 1 lyªº½d³ò¤ºÂ¶¤Ó¶§¤½Âà¡A¥u¦³·¥¤Ö¼Æªº±k¬P¨üÂZ«á·|¶i¤J¤Ó¶§¨t¡C
! [2 `& Y( B2 o! Q1 [( l; R7 R
/ I2 ~8 N* C9 o; t9 s! b+ ^2 W±k®Ö (Nucleus)
' |! n5 L R. J$ d5 A. N±k¬P¥Dnªº©TÅ鳡¥÷¡AÅé¿n«Ü¤p (°N¦³¼Æ¤½¨½)¡C±k¬PÂ÷¤Ó¶§«Ü»·®É´N¥u¦³³o³¡¥÷¡C
4 l' ^+ o) Y$ @- ~# [. B% K0 U: W. u' S- H k4 R1 T
±k¾v (Coma)
* I- [2 n) _$ m- ?9 ?! t
¹Ð®J»P³Q»]µoªº®ðÅé¥]³òµÛ±k®Ö¡A³Ì¤j®ÉÅé¿n¥i¥H»P¤ì¬P¬Û¤ñ¡C
/ m# V2 x- l" h' P! r1 q
) r( l7 a2 I; K# n' W# P- k
¶ø¯S´µ¶³ (Oort Cloud)
+ e# o9 n6 W& t4 h
¤@¹Î¶ê²yª¬¶³¡A¥Rº¡¦B᪫Åé¡A¥]³òµÛ¾ãÓ¤Ó¶§¨t¡A¨³B¤Ó¶§¥H¥~¬ù 20,000 - 150,000 AU ªº¦a¤è¡C²üÄõ¤Ñ¤å¾Ç®a¶øº¸¯S´£¥X¶ø¯S´µ¶³¬O¡uªø¶g´Á±k¬P¡vªº·Å§É¡C
p! `/ ]( n3 |+ q! }# y" c% u7 j/ i3 N u" ]
µõ¨¦ (Lobate Scarp)
! d; g: w5 p }
¥¨¤jªºÅs¦±Äa±V¡C¨Ò¦p¤ô¬Pªí±¤W¦]¦¬ÁY¦Ó§Î¦¨ªºµõ¨¦¡C
) Q. |/ i$ s+ g% v1 Q2 m0 l3 P! {3 k3 v. { ?
¶W¦Ì²É (Supergranule)
- \% ~7 R& N- j; x* c) A5 E
¤ñ¦Ì²É§ó¤j¡B¦ý¹ï¬y³t«×«D±`½wºCªº°Ï°ì¡A¬ù¥]§t ~300 Áû¦Ì²É¡C
0 s, O3 e, I6 V; X' C# @
6 O$ W0 ~2 b% y+ V2 d/ bÁ{Ãä©ü·t (Limb Darkening)
; n2 x( u9 F0 I" s( A2 j8 f; U
¤Ó¶§ªºÃä½tÅã±o¸û·t¡C
/ d' k& F9 t) U* i0 {
+ v. K- w' \, j4 I8 [/ W/ o& wÃþ¤ì¦æ¬P (Jovian Planets)
8 s' m: g0 p2 O ! A6 d; K9 @ O: m+ j/ A. P
$ O4 ?2 ]- w5 [" S! ?% |. U* D$ k X7 H4 p
¤ì¬P¡B¤g¬P¡B¤Ñ¤ý¬P©M®ü¤ý¬P¡A¦ì©ó¥~¤Ó¶§¨t¡C¥~Æ[¹³®ðÅé¡B¥Dn¥Ñ²B©M®óºc¦¨¡A±K«×¸û§C ( ~1g/cc)¡C¨S¦³©TÅ骺ªí±¡A¦ý¤º³¡¦³«Ü«pªº²GÅé¼h¡A¥i¯à¦³¦p¦a²y¯ë¤j¤pªº©¥¥Û®Ö¤ß¡CÅé¿n»P½è¶q¸û¤j¡A«¤O¸û±j¦Ó²£¥Í±j¤jªº¼é¦Á¤O¡A¦³¥úÀô¨t²Î(ring systems)¡B«Ü¦h½Ã¬P¡B¿@«pªº²B¤j®ð¼h¡B¦³±j¤jªº®ðÀ£©M«Ü¦h½ÆÂø®ð¶HÅܤơC
0 I' x" |2 m9 v. G2 y- o2 J R, U( a9 w" I
Ãþ¦a¦æ¬P (Terrestrial Planets)
3 M, z. E. U+ z( A [
' C3 @( M& X* R' B# ~% b# K
3 X- K" @' ]+ z. g. G3 r, ], y
6 E4 x7 W" D# _% K7 l# d! z" W¤ô¬P¡Bª÷¬P¡B¦a²y©M¤õ¬P¡A¦ì©ó¤º¤Ó¶§¨t¡C±K«×¬Û¹ï¦a¸û°ª ( ~3 - 5 g/cc¡A¤ñ¸û¡G¤ôªº±K«× = 1g/cc)¡A¥ÑÅK©MÂìºc¦¨ªº®Ö¤ß³Q°ª±K«×ªº©¥¥Û¥~¼h¥]»qµÛ¡C½è¶q»PÅé¿n¸û¤p¡A«¤O¸û®z¡A½Ã¬P¼Æ¥Ø¸û¤Ö(¨Ò¦p¡G¦a²y¥u¦³¤@Áû¡A¤õ¬P¦³¨âÁû)¡A¦³µ}Á¡ªº¤j®ð¼h¡A¨S¦³¥úÀô¨t²Î¡C¦Ó¥Bªí±º¡§GÀô§Î¤s¡C
5 t' t2 U# h/ [7 n V
( }4 ? Z1 V7 E7 o1 t4 {% x2 X( |
Ä£´³ (Flares)
8 {/ u+ _9 q2 x2 y5 @1 |6 z a
' T/ e; m4 r5 j# W
1 k& n1 N% P O- \) \4 X4 l, U
" k; B6 _! @1 y( _6 d- u# ]«D±`²r¯Pªº¡u¦â²yÃzµo¡v¡A¦b¼Æ¤ÀÄÁ¤º¨ì¹FÃzµoªº°ª®p¡A¤£¨ì¤@¤p®É©Î¦b§óµuªº®É¶¡¤º§¹¥þ¥Ë¸Ñ¡C¤@Ó¥¨¤jÄ£´³¥i¥HÄÀ©ñ¥X¬Ûµ¥©ó 20 »õ¾· TNTªº¯à¶q¡CÄ£´³·|µo©ñ X ®g½u¡Bµµ¥~½u¡B¥i¨£¥ú©M°ª¯à²É¤l¬y¡Cµµ¥~½u©M°ª¯à±a¹q²É¤l¼W¥[¦a²y¤j®ð¼h¤º¹qÂ÷µ{«×¡A¤zÂZµL½u¹q³q«H¡A¨Ã¦b¨â·¥ªþªñ§Î¦¨·¥¥ú(auroras)¡C¦ÓÄ£´³©¹©¹¦bºÏ³õ±j¤jªº¶Â¤l¸sªþªñ¥X²{¡C